My thesis is that in the next two decades the greatest threat to Biblical authority is the behavioral scientist who would in all good conscience man the barricades to defend the front door against any theologian who would attack the inspiration and authority of Scripture while all the while himself smuggling the content of Scripture out the back door through cultural or psychological interpretation.¹⁴

(2) The Negative Impact of Preunderstanding on Biblical Hermeneutics
          Open Theism and preunderstanding. In 1980 Eerdmans released an earthshaking work by Anthony C. Thiselton: Two Horizons.- New Testament Hermeneutics and Philosophical Description. As the book's title indicates, it recommended a philosophical approach to NT hermeneutical principles. Though not directly acknowledged, it advocated a major change in the way believers have understood divine revelation, at least since the Reformation and probably since the

¹²Milton S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics: A Treatise on the Interpretation of the Old and New Testaments, 2d ed. (Reprint; Grand Rapids: Zondervan, n.d.) 533. Milton Spenser Terry (1840-1914) was a nineteenth-century Methodist Episcopalian. He was a graduate of Yale Divinity School and professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis and theology at Garrett Biblical Institute. He was the author of Biblical Apocalyptics and numerous commentaries on Old Testament books, but is most often remembered for his work on Biblical Hermeneutics, which was viewed by evangelicals as the standard work on biblical hermeneutics for most of the twentieth century.

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best days of the Garden of Eden. Thiselton advocated incorporating a new beginning point in the interpretation of Scripture, that of the preunderstanding of the interpreter. Prior to that, the interpreter sought for objectivity¹⁵ in interpretation, in letting the text speak for itself, without injecting personal bias. As innocent as this change may at first appear to be, it has utterly devastated evangelical hermeneutics for the last two decades. Subjectivism has become the rule rather than the exception, whereas prior to the focus on preunderstanding, the goal of exegetes was to learn what the text meant in its original setting.
          I have elaborated on this hermeneutical shift in a 1996 article where I sought to show the dire consequences of such a change and the desirability of retaining traditional standards of objectivity." I will not cover that ground again, but will simply show how the incorporation of preunderstanding into the interpretive process has been largely responsible for the emergence of Open Theism.
          Pinnock evidenced the impact of preunderstanding on his work when he wrote, "In theology, as in science, we also make use of models . . . . In the case of the doctrine of God, we all have a basic portrait of God's identity in our minds when we search the Scriptures, and this model influences our exposition."¹⁶ He continues,

Two models of God in particular are the most influential that people commonly carry around in their minds. We may think of God primarily as an aloof monarch, removed from the contingencies of the world, unchangeable in every aspect of being, as an all-determining and irresistible power, aware of everything that will ever happen and never taking risks. Or we may understand God as a caring parent with qualities of love and responsiveness, generosity and sensitivity, openness and vulnerability, a person (rather than a metaphysical principle) who experiences the world, responds to what happens, relates to us and interacts dynamically with humans.... God is sovereign in both models, but the mode of his sovereignty differs.... In this book we are advancing the second, or the open, view of God.¹⁷

¹⁵Robert L. Thomas, "Current Hermeneutical Trends: Explanation or Obfuscation?," JETS 39 (1996):241-56.

¹⁶Pinnock, "Systematic Theology," in The Openness of God 103.

¹⁷Ibid.

¹⁸A common practice is to exaggerate the model of the opposite position to make it less appealing to the general reader. Open theists utilize this technique in describing the position of traditional theism as illustrated in Pinnock's statements just given. In response to Open Theism's harsh-sounding model of God, MacArthur appropriately writes, "[T]hc God of the old-model theology is also unceasingly gracious, merciful, and loving (a fact one would not be able to glean from the gross caricature new-model advocates like to paint when they describe 'old-model orthodoxy')" (John MacArthur, "Open Theism's Attack on the Atonement," TMSJ 12/1 [Spring 2001]:4).

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grammatical-historical principles. Pinnock and the rest of the openness advocates evidence no inclination toward that practice. His own words are, "What we are really doing is conducting a competition between models of God."¹⁹ Anyone interested in a true picture of God is not interested in such a competition. He only wants to know the truth about God presented in the Bible.
          Sanders' approach to preunderstanding differs only in phraseology from that of Pinnock. He stated the options and his choice this way:

There are many different views of divine providence. For the purposes of this study, all of them may be placed under one of two basic models: the "no-risk" view and the "risk" view . . . . According to the risk model of providence, God has established certain boundaries within which creatures operate. But God sovereignly decides not to control each and every event, and some things go contrary to what God intends and may not turn out completely as God desires.²⁰

This is why biblical scholars often object to expressions like "the biblical view of' or "according to the Bible." They insist that there are biblical views, but no one biblical view. While it is not true, in spite of what some people claim, that you can make the Bible say anything you want it to say, different passages often seem to support different points of view. To cite a familiar example, many people do not see how the same God could command Israel on occasion to utterly destroy its foes (Josh 6:17; 1 Sam 15:2-3) and through Jesus instruct us to love our enemies (Mt 5:44).²²

¹⁹Pinnock, "Systematic Theology," in The Openness of God 104.

²⁰Sanders, The God Who Risks 110- 11.

²¹Richard Rice, "Biblical Support for a New Perspective," in The Openness of God 16

. ²²Ibid., 177 n. 7.

²³"Evangelicals in their newfound subjectivism in hermeneutics are closely approximating the interpretive technique of deconstructionism according to which each passage may have a number of correct interpretations. Rather than calling this by the postmortem name of deconstructionism, however,

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Plenary inspiration requires that one part of the Bible not contradict what is taught in another part. Since it is doubtful that Rice would deny plenary inspiration, his words amount to an indirect acknowledgment that preunderstanding will sway decisions regarding the meaning of an individual passage. Depending on interpretive assumptions, a single text may mean several different things caused by varying preunderstandings. Rice treats this as an outcome of legitimate hermeneutics. Yet that is certainly contrary to traditional interpretive practices.²⁴

Traditional hermeneutics and preunderstanding. A major problem with current evangelical hermeneutics in general is its preunderstood assumption about what the text is going to yield. With that as the launching pad for interpretation, one can expect the emergence of many new doctrinal fads such as "Open Theism." Terry proposed objectivity as a goal in a grammatical-historical approach to interpretation:

In the systematic presentation, therefore, of any scriptural doctrine, we are always to make a discriminating use of sound hermeneutical principles. We must not study them in the light of modem systems of divinity, but should aim rather to place ourselves in the position of the sacred writers, and study to obtain the impression their words would naturally have made upon the minds of the first readers . . . . Still less should we allow ourselves to be influenced by any presumptions of what the Scriptures ought to teach. . . . All such presumptions are uncalled for and prejudicial.²⁵

(3) The Fallacy of Adopting an Interpretive Center
          Open Theism and the interpretive center. Rice explicitly exemplifies another major hermeneutical flaw of "Open Theism." That is the error of designating ". . . a clear text, an interpretive center, a theological and hermeneutical key, a 'locus classicus,' a defining passage, a starting point that serves as a

they will generally speak of "the hermeneutics of humility" whereby no person dares to claim he has the correct interpretation of a passage. Pinnock typifies the practices of allowing for multiple meanings in his defense of Open Theism: "Among other hermeneutical presuppositions, I accept diversity among biblical witnesses and recognize the dialogical character of the Bible . . . . [Tlhe Bible is a complex work by many authors whose views may vary and . . . the text is open to various plausible interpretations . . . .This means I cannot claim that the Bible teaches the open view of God or any other subject simply and straightforwardly such that there is no counter testimony which probes and questions and objects. For this and other reasons I look to the Holy Spirit in approaching the treasures of Scripture, praying that God's breath will make it a living word and the source of fresh insight' (Pinnock, Most Moved Mover 21). Later he adds, "[E]xegesis is not an exact science, owing to the historical situatedness of text and reader" (ibid., 60). Is Pinnock by these words endorsing reader-response hermeneutics?

²⁴See Robert L. Thomas, "The Principle of Single Meaning," TMSJ 12/1 (Spring 2001):33-34, 44.

²⁵Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics 595. Terry elaborates further on the need for the interpreter to avoid personal bias in his approach to the text in ibid., 152-54; 220.

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filter. . . ."²⁶ To interpret obscure passages in light of such "a clear text" may seem reasonable on the surface, but it robs other passages of their distinctive contributions to the broad revelation of Scripture.
          In formulating a view of God, Rice designates one passage as the interpretive center for discovering from the Bible who God is:

From a Christian perspective, love is the first and last word in the biblical portrait of God. According to I John 4:8: "whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." The statement God is love is as close as the Bible comes to giving us a definition of the divine reality.²⁷

²⁶Paul W. Felix, Sr., "The Hermeneutics of Evangelical Feminism," TMSJ 5/2 (Fall 1994):166-67.

²⁷Rice, "Biblical Support," in The Openness of God 18.

²⁸lbid., 21.

²⁹Ibid.

³⁰Boyd, God of the Possible 111.

³¹Ibid.

³²Sanders, "Historical Considerations," in The Openness of God 100.

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Pinnock joins the case for making love God's overriding quality when he states, "[L]ove rather than almighty power is the primary perfection of God."³³

          Traditional hermeneutics and the interpretive center. Terry points out the fallacy of having an interpretive center: "But we must avoid the danger of overstepping in this matter [i.e., in the use of parallel passages to interpret one another]."³⁴ He particularly warns about using the writings of one biblical author to throw light on the meaning of a passage by another author. That error is precisely the one committed by open theists in their interpretation of all Scripture in the light of 1 John 4:8. Their approach reads the meaning of 1 John-if indeed they have interpreted 1 John correctly—into the rest of the Bible and deprives sections dealing with God's other attributes of their biblical role in constructing the doctrine of God.
          Without question the Bible says plenty about the love of God. Depictions of Him should always include this marvelous attribute. Yet the Bible also says God is holy (Lev 19:2; 1 Pet 1:16). It also says that God is a consuming fire (Heb 12:29). To exclude any one of these or the many other attributes of God spoken of in Scripture is to give an unbalanced view of His person. The doctrine of God should grow out of the whole counsel of God, not just selected parts. To interpret Lev 19:2 or Heb 12:29 through the eyes of I John 4:8 does severe injustice not only to the contexts of Lev 19:2 and Heb 12:29, but also to the context of I John 4:8, which nowhere sets forth the idea of an overriding theological concept.
          To formulate the doctrine by giving preeminence to 1 John 4:8 is a classic example of using a locus classicus to interpret the rest of Scripture. Evangelical feminist hermeneutics have illustrated this malpractice by using Gal 3:28 as an interpretive filter in analyses of 1 Cor 11:2-16; 14:33-35; 1 Tim 2:11-15; Eph 5:22-33; 1 Pet 3:1-7. Such a practice results in wrong understandings of what the other passages are stating as well as a reading into Gal 3:28 of something that is not there. The choice of a hermeneutical key on any biblical subject will inevitably reflect the preunderstanding of the interpreter, not the objective teaching of Scripture. To use such a key is also inconsistent with the evangelical doctrine of plenary inspiration. Including all texts on a given subject allows each text to have its distinctive input and avoids interpretations that are slanted by human bias.³⁵
          Other characteristics of God deserve equal places alongside love in describing who God is. Adam sinned in the Garden as Gen 3:6-7 records, but God in His omniscience knew beforehand that he would. Otherwise, the Lamb would not have been foreknown and selected to die before the foundation of the world (1 Pet 1:20). God in His omnipotence had a plan for the world even before it was created. Nothing is impossible for Him any more than planning that His Son would

³³Pinnock, "Systematic Theology," in The Openness of God 114.

³⁴Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics 222.

³⁵See Felix, "Hermeneutics of Evangelical Feminism," TMSJ 165-68, for further elaboration on the need to avoid reading other Scripture through the eyes of a single passage.

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be born of a virgin and then implementing that plan (Luke 1:37). God is an eternal being. Otherwise, one day could not be for Him as a thousand years and a thousand years as one day (2 Pet 3:8). He is omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent as Psalm 139 so beautifully recognizes (139:1-16). To allow any of these other qualities to overshadow God's love would be equally misleading as is the converse.

(4) The Fickleness of "Hermeneutical Hopscotch"
          Open Theism and discourse analysis. The case for openness rests on a running survey of biblical passages. This hermeneutical procedure is a recent development that usually goes by the name of discourse analysis. It is the product of modem developments in the field of linguistics. "Generally speaking, discourse analysis is the attempt to study the organization of language above the sentence level. It is the study of larger linguistic units such as entire conversations or written texts."³⁶ It charts the flow of the argument of a passage. "As such, discourse analysis is a type of translation pointing to the gist of the argument developed in the text."³⁷ This technique seeks a larger picture in a passage before investigating the details. In fact, it disparages traditional methods that investigate the details first, before proceeding to the larger picture. In implementing this wholistic approach, the method takes into consideration sociological, psychological, communicative, and other elements that may have influenced an author to produce what he did.
          This hermeneutical innovation has given rise to a practice that I have elsewhere termed "hermeneutical hopscotch," the practice of hopping from one carefully selected part of a larger section to another. By selecting only parts that contribute to supporting a predetermined opinion, the "hopscotch" approach can demonstrate just about anything the interpreter desires to prove.
          That is essentially the method of Open Theism in its use of Scripture. For example, Boyd begins with Gen 6:6, and says, "The LORD was sorry that he had made humankind on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart." He then uses this to prove that God did not know in advance that humans would come to this wicked state.³⁸ Then he does the same thing with I Sam 15:10, 35, drawing the same conclusion about God's ignorance of the future. He cites Num 14: 1 1 and Hos 8:5 where God asks questions about the future. Most have interpreted these as rhetorical questions, but Boyd, after acknowledging rhetorical questions as a possibility, concludes that the questions must reflect God's lack of knowledge about the duration of Israel's stubbornness.³⁹ He continues to string together such passages, picking only the instances that support his case. He strains one of these particularly when discussing "The 'Day and Hour' of the Coming." Citing Mark

³⁶David Alan Black, "Introduction," in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis (Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1992) 12.

³⁷J. P. Louw, "Reading a Text As Discourse," in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation 15.

³⁸Boyd, God of the Possible 55.

³⁹Ibid., 58-59.

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13:32—Jesus' statement, "about that day or hour no one knows, neither the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father"-Boyd interprets it through the eyes of 2 Pet 3:9-12 where Peter speaks of "hastening the day" of that coming by proper behavior.⁴⁰ On the basis of Peter's words and in contradiction of Jesus's words, Boyd reasons that the Father could not know precisely the day or hour because that date has not yet been set. The "when" of the coming depends on human freedom of choice. Here is a classic example of eisegesis in both Mark 13:32 and 2 Pet 3:9-2. The time of the coming has been set according to Acts 1:7, and the Father does know when it will happen. We as humans do not know when, so as Peter instructs, we behave ourselves in a way to expedite that happening through godly living. It is altogether unnatural to interpret Mark 13:32 the way Boyd does, in the light of both the verse's statement itself and the larger context of the Olivet Discourse.
          Sanders proceeds in much the same way as Boyd, picking only those points that suit his purpose, first with Genesis 1 and then with Genesis 2-3.⁴¹ He then picks up with Genesis 6 as did Boyd, but in much more detail.⁴² Then he goes to the story of Abraham, moving from Gen 12:1-3 to 15:1 to 15:2-3 to 15:9-21 to 15:13-16 to 16:11 to 18:4 to 22:1 to 22:12 to 22:15-18.⁴³ He stays with each passage only long enough to milk it for the argument he needs to prove his preconceived point. He does the same with the Joseph narrative.⁴⁴ Along the way he is careful to explain away Gen 18:14—"Is anything too difficult for the LORD?" (God's unqualified omnipotence)—and Gen 50:20—"And as for you, you meant evil against me, but God meant it for good in order to bring about this present result, to preserve many people alive" (God's absolute sovereignty).⁴⁵

Gen 12:11-13: 1 1 And it came about when he came near to Egypt, that he said to Sarai his wife, "See now, I know that you are a beautiful woman; 12 and it will come about when the Egyptians see you, that they will say, 'This is his wife'; and they will kill me, but they will let you live. 13 "Please say that you are my sister so that it may go well with me because of you, and that I may live on account of you." [Abraham encouraged his wife to save his own neck.]

⁴⁰Ibid., 72.

⁴¹Sanders, The God Who Risks 41-49.

⁴²Ibid., 49-50.

⁴³Ibid., 50-53.

⁴⁴Ibid., 54-55.

⁴⁵Ibid., 51-52,55.

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Gen 12:18-19: 18 Then Pharaoh called Abram and said, "What is this you have done to me? Why did you not tell me that she was your wife? 19 "Why did you say, 'She is my sister,' so that I took her for my wife? Now then, here is your wife, take her and go." (Abraham himself was a liar.]

Gen 16:3-6: 3 And after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan, Abram's wife Sarai took Hagar the Egyptian, her maid, and gave her to her husband Abram as his wife. 4 And he went in to Hagar, and she conceived; and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her sight. 5 And Sarai said to Abram, "May the wrong done me be upon you. I gave my maid into your arms; but when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her sight. May the LORD judge between you and me." 6 But Abram said to Sarai, "Behold, your maid is in your power; do to her what is good in your sight." So Sarai treated her harshly, and she fled from her presence. [Abraham was an adulterer, and was unwilling to accept the responsibility of caring for the woman involved with him in the adulterous act.]

Gen 17:15-17: 15 Then God said to Abraham, "As for Sarai your wife, you shall not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall be her name. 16 "And I will bless her, and indeed I will give you a son by her. Then I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of peoples shall come from her." 17 Then Abraham fell on his face and laughed, and said in his heart, "Will a child be born to a man one hundred years old? And will Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a child?" [Abraham laughed at the promise of God as though it were ridiculous.]

Gen 20:1-2: 1 Now Abraham journeyed from there toward the land of the Negev, and settled between Kadesh and Shur; then he sojourned in Gerar. 2 And Abraham said of Sarah his wife, "She is my sister." So Abimelech king of Gerar sent and took Sarah. [Abraham a second time lied about Sarah being his sister.]

Gen 20:12: 12 "Besides, she actually is my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother, and she became my wife. [Abraham rationalized to try to justify the lie he had told.]

Gen 21:14-15: 14 So Abraham rose early in the morning, and took bread and a skin of water, and gave them to Hagar, putting them on her shoulder, and gave her the boy, and sent her away. And she departed, and wandered about in the wilderness of Beersheba. 15 And the water in the skin was used up, and she left the boy under one of the bushes. [Abraham refused to accept the responsibility for his child born out of wedlock and for the mother who had home him.]

Gen 22: 1 0: I 0 And Abraham stretched out his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. [Abraham was willing to murder his own son.]

Gen 24:2-4: 2 And Abraham said to his servant, the oldest of his household, who had charge of all that he owned, "Please place your hand under my thigh, 3 and I will make you swear by the LORD, the God of heaven and the God of earth, that you shall not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I live, 4 but you shall go to my country and to my relatives, and take a wife for my son Isaac." [Abraham insisted on picking a wife for Isaac his son.]

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In contrast to this negative picture, more comprehensive sections within this broad scope of Scripture teach that Abraham lived an exemplary life of faith in spite of his lapses, notwithstanding the "hopscotch" approach that might lead to the opposite conclusion.
          Traditional hermeneutical authorities have strong words about the importance of context: "Many a passage of Scripture will not be understood at all without the help afforded by the context; for many a sentence derives all its point and force from the connexion in which it stands."⁴⁶ Terry continues his emphasis on context with the following words:

Some religious teachers are fond of employing scriptural texts simply as mottoes, with little or no regard to their true connexion. Thus they too often adapt them to their use by imparting to them a factitious sense foreign to their proper scope and meaning. The seeming gain in all such cases is more than counterbalanced by the loss and danger that attend the practice. It encourages the habit of interpreting Scripture in an arbitrary and fanciful way, and thus furnishes the teachers of error with their most effective weapon. The practice cannot be defended on any plea of necessity.⁴⁷

The Foundational Nature of Hermeneutics
          Rules of interpretation lie at the root of any theological conclusions based on the Bible. "Open Theism" furnishes a testimonial to this fact. By deviating from traditional grammatical-historical principles, the variety of conclusions one can reach has no limit.
          On our way home from a lengthy freeway trip recently, my 13-year-old granddaughter was getting impatient with the length of the trip. She kept asking, "How much longer? How much longer?" When we reached a point that I knew was about twenty minutes from home, I thought it would be a good idea to turn her impatience into a game. So I told her that we would arrive at home at 7:08 p.m. She took the game over from there. She entered her prediction of 7:05 p.m., and then to safeguard her position she added a second prediction of 7:09 p.m. She became the self-proclaimed authority on the rules by which we would play game.

⁴⁶Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics 219.

⁴⁷ Ibid., 219-20 n. 1.

⁴⁸Typical of openness reliance on narrative passages for explaining God's sovereignty is Pinnock's statement, "The biblical narrative reveals the nature of God's sovereignty" (Pinnock, Most Moved Mover 45 [emphasis added]). The nature of God's sovereignty needs to be explained in light of texts whose purpose is to teach that doctrine—passages such as Romans 9—not on the basis of narrative passages that lend themselves to a number of possible explanations.

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I could not get her to explain why she was allowed two predictions to my one. She said we were going to follow the rules of the TV game "The Price is Right," whatever those are. She then added several other stipulations that made it next to impossible for me to win the game. I suffered a bitter defeat playing according to her rules, and she came away triumphantly.
          The new set of rules for interpreting the Bible that some evangelicals have adopted enables them to prove just about anything they want to prove. A recent illustration of this is the increasingly popular "open view of God," the teaching that the future is not closed off by a settled divine foreknowledge, that it is left open for possible happenings that have not yet occurred to either God or man. Reportedly, the advocates of this view support it with "clear and responsible biblical interpretation."⁴⁹ It is "clear and responsible" when playing by the rules open theists have invented, but not according to traditionally accepted principles.

The Sovereignty of God

          Discussions of Open Theism could go any number of directions. They could respond one passage at a time to the system's alleged supporting texts, which is what Bruce Ware does to some extent,⁵⁰ or they could deal with differing definitions for each of the attributes of God-His omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence, impassibility, transcendence, eternality, immutability, and so on. Open Theism defines all of these differently from traditional orthodoxy. For the purposes of this study, however, divine sovereignty will be the focus, because all the other attributes derive from this attribute in one way or another.

Open Theism's Explanation
          Sanders agrees with the foundational nature of this attribute of sovereignty when he says, "I argue that the key element in the debate over providence is not the type of omniscience God has but the kind of sovereignty God has decided to exercise."⁵¹ Open theists speak of the sovereignty of God, but they also say that God surrendered a degree of that sovereignty when He created mankind.
          Sanders leads into such a thought when he writes, "God is the sovereign Creator, for there is no opposition to his act of creating. We must be careful in basing a doctrine of providence on this aspect of creation, since it is an open question . . . whether God can and will sovereignly create beings over which he does not exercise total control."⁵² Sanders later decides that God has given away some

⁴⁹Walter Brueggemann's endorsement of Gregory A. Boyd, God of the Possible, No. 5 of The Discerning Reader from Baker Book House.

⁵⁰Bruce A. Ware, God's Lesser Glory: The Diminished God of Open Theism (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway, 2000) 65-98.

⁵¹Ibid., 12.

⁵²Sanders, The God Who Risks 41.

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of His sovereignty: "God sovereignly decides that not everything will be up to God. Some important things are left in the hands of humanity as God's cocreators such that we are to collaborate with God in the achievement of the divine project . . . . There is freedom for humans to be creative within the 'rules of the game' God has established."⁵³
          Rice expresses God's partial sovereignty as follows: "At times, God acts to bring things about unilaterally, as it were . . . . At other times, however, God interacts with creaturely agents in pursuing his goals. "⁵⁴ "The fact that God foreknows or predestines something does not guarantee that it will happen, the fact that God determines part of history does not mean that he determines all of history . . . . Consequently, the actual course of history is not something God alone decides all by himself. God and the creatures both contribute."⁵⁵
          Boyd speaks of God's sovereignty in much the same way: "To confess that God can control whatever he wants to control leaves open the question of how much God actually does want to control."⁵⁶ Later he adds,

Thus far we have examined the motif of Scripture that celebrates God's sovereignty over creation and lordship over history. God predestines and foreknows as settled whatever he sees fit to predestine and foreknow as settled. We have also seen, however, that this motif of future determinism does not warrant the conclusion that God predestines and foreknows as settled everything about the future.⁵⁷

⁵³Ibid., 44.

⁵⁴Rice, "Biblical Support," in The Openness of God 37.

⁵⁵Ibid., 55-56.

⁵⁶Boyd, God of the Possible 51.

⁵⁷Ibid., 53.

⁵⁸Ibid., 54.

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of His sovereignty. The obvious question is, however, Is there any such thing as partial sovereignty? If one surrenders even a fraction of his sovereignty, does sovereignty still exist? Webster defines "sovereign" as "supreme in power, rank, or authority."⁵⁹ Someone who has surrendered even a fraction of that power, rank, or authority is no longer a sovereign. It is one thing for a sovereign to delegate responsibility, but it is another for him to surrender his authority as open theists say God has done. In that case God no longer exercises control over all that happens with the result that creatures are operating independently of Him, without having to answer to Him for their actions. That is perhaps why significant advocates of Open Theism oppose the doctrine of eternal punishment.⁶⁰ God granted human freedom and so will not punish anyone who uses it wrongly, they say.
          When open theists speak of sovereignty, they do not mean "supreme in power, rank, and authority" any more than they mean that God knows all when they speak of His omniscience. Nor do they mean that God is everywhere present when they speak of His omnipresence or that He is all-powerful when they speak of His omnipotence. They do not mean that He existed before time sequence became a reality when they speak of His eternality. They have retained traditional terminology, but have attached their own definitions to these words because of the contradictory nature of their system in saying all these attributes are only partial.

The Biblical Explanation
          Examples of mishandling the text. Many texts teach specifically the absolute sovereighty^6l of God. Open Theism has ways to explain away many of these texts. One proponent assigns Jesus' statement, "All authority has been given to Me" (Matt 28:18), to the time of the end, and notes that in the meantime, "The way of God in Jesus will not be achieved through overwhelming power or invulnerability."sup>62 Stated in other terms, he says the sovereignty of God is not currently operative. Yet, Matt 28:18 specifically states that all authority had already been granted to Christ at the time He uttered those words, just before His ascension. To postpone the operation of that authority till His second coming not only reads something into the statement that is not there, but also violates the context of

⁵⁹Michael Agnes, Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th ed. (Foster City, Calif: IDG Books Worldwide, 2000) 1372.

⁶⁰For more information on those who oppose the doctrine of eternal punishment, see TMSJ 9/2 (Fall 1998), an issue devoted to critiquing that doctrine from a biblical standpoint.

⁶¹"Absolute sovereignty" is a redundancy, because sovereignty rightly understood is always absolute. It is the same as using "very unique" to describe a phenomenon, because if something is unique, only one degree of uniqueness exists. Yet because of the relativizing of sovereignty in Open Theism's system, for clarity's sake "absolute sovereignty" will sometimes appear in this discussion. Pinnock refers to limited sovereignty as . . . meticulous' sovereignty" and to absolute sovereignty as "I general' sovereignty" (Pinnock, Most Moved Mover 53). That is veilcd terminology to obscure the impossibility of such a thing as limited sovereignty.

⁶²Sanders, The God Who Risks 94.

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Matthew 28 by removing the motivation for fulfillment of the Great Commission.
          Another "open" proponent assigns God's election of Christians before the foundation of the world in Eph 1:4 to the realm of corporate election. He interprets Paul to mean that God made this choice of everyone who would be in Christ, without knowing their identity individually. He writes,

Note, Paul does not say that we were individually predestined to be "in Christ" (or not). Scripture elsewhere tells us that if it were up to God alone, he would save everyone (1 Tim. 2:4; 2 Peter 3:9). But it is not up to God alone; God gave humans free will. What Paul says in this verse is that whoever chooses to be "in Christ" is predestined to be "holy and blameless before him in love."⁶³

Though it is true that Christ is God's Elect One (Isa 42:1, 6 f; cf. Matt 12:18) and that apart from His election there could be no realization of the election of unbelievers, His election is of a different nature. Christ was elected to be the redeemer in contrast to sinners being elected for redemption. Thus Christ's election does not truly parallel that of Christians, and so theirs cannot be contained in His.⁶⁵

⁶³Boyd, God of the Possible 46-47.

⁶⁴Leslie James Crawford, "Ephesians 1:3-4 and the Nature of Election," TMSJ 1 1/1 (Spring 2000):76-78.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 85.

⁶⁶Sanders, 7he God Who Risks 122.

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and defeat."⁶⁷
          Boyd deals with Romans 9 in his "question and objection" chapter of God of the Possible.sup>68 He devotes more space to this question and objection than to any of the other eighteen that he includes. He attempts to make six points in explaining the passage from the open viewpoint. (1) Arminianism does not understand Romans 9 to teach God's sovereignty. That, of course, is a theological argument and proves nothing about the meaning of the passage. (2) The view that God determines who will and will not receive mercy contradicts the teaching of Scripture that God's love is universal and impartial and that He desires everyone to be saved (Acts 10:34; 1 Tim 2:4; 2 Pet 3:9).⁶⁹ Here is another hermeneutical flaw. Each passage must stand on its own and make its own distinctive contribution. (3) Paul's summary in Rom 9:30-32 reveals the meaning of the passage: the verses appeal "to morally responsible choices of the Israelites and Gentiles."⁷⁰ Yet Paul's statement in 9:30 excludes a moral choice. For the Gentiles who did not pursue righteousness to attain the same must be a sovereign choice of God, not a human moral choice.
          (4) The OT source of the potter metaphor of Romans 9 is Jeremiah 18. In Jeremiah the metaphor does not prove sovereignty, because the "clay" in the potter's hands is not passive. The potter's action depends on what the clay does.⁷¹ This, however, is a questionable interpretation of Jeremiah 18 and is conspicuously a wrong interpretation of Romans 9 as subsequent discussion will show. Besides, Paul as a NT writer is not bound in his use of the OT to abide by the grammatical-historical meaning of the Jeremiah passage. (5) Boyd continues,

When Paul responds to the charge of injustice by asking, 'who . . . are you, a human being, to argue with God?' (v. 20), he is not thereby appealing to the sheer power of the potter over the clay. He is rather appealing to the rights and wisdom of the potter to fashion clay according to his providential purposes ("as it seem[s] good to him" [Jer. 8:4]), and in a manner that is appropriate, given the kind of clay he has to work with.⁷²

⁶⁷Ibid., 123-24.

⁶⁸Boyd, God of the Possible 139-44.

⁶⁹Ibid., 140.

⁷⁰Ibid.

⁷¹Ibid., 141.

⁷²Ibid., 142.

⁷³Ibid., 142-43.

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          An example of the true meaning. If the openness people and Arminians have missed the point of Romans 9, what does the chapter teach? Romans 1-8 presents universal truths regarding condemnation, justification, sanctification, and glorification, and ends with a hymn of victory that, because of the promises of God, nothing can separate believers from the love of Christ (8:38-39). Certain historical developments, however, raise a question about the reliability of God's promises. Those developments connect with the rejection of Israel by God and the promises of God made to Israel. If He has rejected Israel and does not fulfil His promises to Israel, how can other recipients of His promises, those benefitting through the work of Christ, expect Him to fulfil His promises to them?⁷⁴ To that question Paul responds in His famous theodicy in Romans 9-11, his defense of God's dealings with mankind.

          Israel's rejection a cause of great sorrow to Paul (9.1-5). The first section of Romans 9 (vv. 1-5) shows the impact of Israel's rejection on Paul. He declares his love and personal sorrow over the plight of his fellow Israelites, and in so doing, recalls their distinctive and permanent role as recipients of the law and the natural stock that produced the Messiah.

          First objection and response.- God's promises to Israel have not failed (9:6-13). Next Paul responds to the first of three objections he imagines a Jewish opponent might raise, an objection that the promise of God to Israel has failed. He elaborates on the connection between Israel's rejection and the promises of God made to the nation (9:6-13). The promise of God to Israel has not failed, because the promise did not belong to every single individual among the natural descendants of Abraham.⁷⁵ It belonged only to chosen members of that race. God in His sovereignty chose Isaac, the son of promise, rather than Ishmael, the son of the flesh. He made clear that His choice was apart from any human consideration by choosing Jacob over Esau, doing so before the twins were born or had done anything good or bad. God's sovereignty in this matter was absolute. Already in

⁷⁴John Piper, The Justification of God: An Exegetical and Theological Study of Romans 9:1-23, 2^nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000) 18-19; C. E. B. Cranfield, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Epistle to the Romans, ICC (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1979) 2:446-47; E. H. Gifford, "Romans," in The Holy Bible with an Explanatory and Critical Commentary, New Testament, ed. F. C. Cook (London: John Murray, 1900) 3:167; Douglas J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans, NICNT, ed. Gordon D. Fee (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996) 550-51; Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988) 343-44.

⁷⁵Piper, Justification of God 50; Gifford, "Romans" 169; Morris, Romans 351-52.

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Israel's history, before her rejection by God at the Messiah's first advent, God had demonstrated His sovereignty by twice narrowing the line of Abraham's descendants to smaller groups. His actions had nothing to do with human responses. His sovereign rejection of portions of the nation in former days does not invalidate His promises. It simply narrowed their fulfillment to smaller segments of Abraham's descendants. The same applies to His most recent rejection of a portion of the nation.

          Second objection and response: God is not unjust in hardening Israel this way (9.-14-18). In response to a second implied objection that God is unjust for hardening Israel this way, Paul points out that God's rejection of Israel is perfectly consistent with God's nature and character (9:14-18). The imaginary objector holds that for God's absolute election to be independent of any human merit, as Paul has just stated in 9:1 1, is not fair. A Jewish objector would heartily approve of the rejection of Ishmael and Esau, but when their rejection illustrates a principle that would exclude the nation as a whole from the promises made to Abraham, such would provoke the objection that God is unjust. Paul responds that God is not unjust in hardening the nation that way.
          He cannot be unjust because He is sovereign.⁷⁶ According to Moses, He will have mercy on whom He chooses because His decisions are independent of human merit (9:15). That leads to the conclusion that the reason for God's choice is not a human response or a human exertion, but the reason lies in the person who shows mercy-i.e., God (9:17). Because God is sovereign, for Him to make independent choices cannot be injustice.
          For further proof of God's sovereignty from Scripture, Paul turns to Moses' enemy, Pharaoh (9:17). In Pharaoh he finds an example of God's dealings with the other class of mankind. God raised Pharaoh to prominence to furnish an example of His power and to make known His name and sovereignty throughout the world.⁷⁷ Consideration of the examples of Moses and Pharaoh leads inevitably to the conclusion that choosing the objects of His mercy and hardening the rest are choices that are His and His alone, independent of any interaction with humans (9:18).

          Third objection and response: God is the one who hardens, yet He can still put the blame on man because He is the Creator (9:19-29). Paul sees himself faced with a possible third objection: "If God Himself hardens the heart, why does He find fault with man? What justice is there in continuing to blame a creature when God so wills and no one can resist Him?" (9:19). To this objection the apostle responds by rebuking the presumption of mere man in replying to God this way; the

⁷⁶Piper, Justification of God 179; Morris, Romans 358; Moo, Romans 589-91.

⁷⁷MOO, Romans 595. Sanders ignores the plain statement of Rom 9:17 when he writes, "God strengthened Pharaoh's heart in his rebellion in the hopes that it would help him come to his senses and repent" (The God Who Risks 121). God hardened, not strengthened, Pharaoh's heart to show His power in Pharaoh and that God's name might be proclaimed in all the land according to that Scripture.

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thing made dare not ask the maker, why have you made me this way? (9:20).⁷⁸ The potter has power over the clay to make honorable vessels and dishonorable vessels (9:2 1).⁷⁹ The absolute power of the creator over His creatures is the general point, but the specific point is God's absolute power over Israel to do with her as He pleases. Paul derives his potter metaphor from the same figure in the OT where God's control over Israel is in view (cf. Isa 29:16; 45:9; 64:8; Jer 18:6).
          Though the creator's prerogative is to show His power by inflicting immediate wrath on vessels of wrath, in actuality He has put up with those vessels for a while because of His great longsuffering (9:22). Since the creator has opted to delay the imposition of His wrath even though the vessels are fitted for destruction, how can anyone raise a further objection against His justice? To dampen further objections to God's justice, Paul notes the way God has demonstrated the riches of His glory on vessels of mercy whom He prepared before for glory (9:23) and identifies those vessels as coming from among not just the Jews, but also from among the Gentiles (9:24). People from among both groups were among those receiving God's sovereign call to benefit from His mercy.
          To justify God's inclusion of Gentiles along with Jews, Paul quotes Hos 2:23 and 1: 1 0 to recall the principle that God can take into His place of privilege those who had been previously cut off from it (9:25-26). He then cites Isa 10:22-23 and 1:9 to support the calling of Jews, passages that emphasize the calling of only a remnant of Israel, however (9:27-29). The inevitable conclusion is the bulk of Israel are vessels of wrath.
          Note the repeated emphasis on God's sovereignty. In 9:1 1: "For though the twins were not yet born, and had not done anything good or bad, in order that God's purpose according to His choice might stand, not because of works, but because of Him who calls." In 9:15: "For He says to Moses, 'I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion."' In 9:16: "So then it does not depend on the man who wills or the man who runs, but on God who has mercy." In 9:18: "So then He has mercy on whom He desires, and He hardens whom He desires." In 9:21: "Does not the potter have a right over the clay, to make from the same lump one vessel for honorable use, and another for common use?" In 9:23-24: God desired "that He might make known the riches of His glory upon vessels of mercy, which He prepared beforehand for glory, even us, whom He also called, not from among Jews only, but also from among Gentiles." Only an intentionally blind person can fail to see God's absolute sovereignty in hardening Israel as Paul defends God's unique role in Rom 9:1-29.

          How the hardening works from a human perspective (9:30-10:21). In 9:30-10:21 Paul turns to view how the hardening works itself out from the human

⁷⁸Piper, Justification of God 186; Cranfield, Romans 490-91; Morris, Romans 364-65.

⁷⁹T'he potter illustration has nothing to do with resistance put up by the clay, as Sanders and Boyd contend (Sanders, The God Who Risks 122; Boyd, God of the Possible 141). The text never alludes to the quality of the clay. Its whole attention focuses on the sovereign will of the potter (Rom 9:21).

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perspective.⁸⁰ Notably, the inclusion of some Gentiles who did not seek righteousness has accompanied the exclusion of Israel (9:30; cf. 9:24-26; 10: 19-20). That is a sovereign act of God even though it resulted in moral choices by human beings, the choices to believe and not to believe. Human responsibility to choose accompanies divine sovereignty.

          God's rejection of Israel is not complete (11:1-10). As Paul resumes God's dealings with Israel in Romans 11: 1-10, he points out that God's rejection of the nation is not complete. God has not rejected His people whom He foreknew (11:1-2a). As in the days of Elijah, He has picked a remnant according to the election of grace (11:2b-6). The remnant has obtained what Israel sought, but the rest were hardened (11:7-10). The promise of God is still in effect in His inclusion of a remnant of ethnic Israel in the church.⁸¹ The full sovereignty of God is still operative even though the vast majority of Israel are hardened.

          God's rejection of Israel is not final (11:11-32). Paul continues to detail God's dealings with the nation in demonstrating that His rejection of Israel is not final (11:11-32).⁸² In His sovereign purposes their stumbling was for the purpose of bringing salvation to the Gentiles, which in turn had its goal of provoking Israel to jealousy. God broke off the natural branches of the olive tree (11:21) and He is able to graft them in again (11:23), illustrating the severity and kindness of God (11:22). In God's sovereign plan, partial hardness has come to Israel until a full number of the Gentiles has come into the body of Christ (11:24). Then all Israel will be saved (11:25).
          God's promises to Israel have not failed. In His sovereign dealings He has set the nation aside for a time for the purpose of including Gentiles as objects of His mercy (11:28-32). Eventually all Israel will be saved.

          Doxology because of God's unsearchable judgments and unfathomable ways (II.-33-36). It is no wonder that Paul closes these three chapters with a doxology celebrating God's unsearchable judgments and unfathomable ways (11:33-36). What a marvelous plan!
          Yes, late in chapter 9, in chapter 10, and occasionally in chapter 11 the apostle injects words about the part played by human moral choices, including belief and unbelief, but these are instances of viewing God's sovereign activity from a human perspective. Finite men see only their own responsibility to make right moral choices and the penalties involved for failing to do so. That is a perfectly accurate human perception. But from the divine perspective God is at work in

⁸⁰Moo, Romans 617.

⁸¹"Piper, Justification of God 184; Moo, Romans 671-72.

⁸²Gifford, "Romans" 198-200; Cranfield, Romans 572-77; Harold W. Hoehner, "Israel in Romans 9-11," in Israel: The Land and the People, ed. H. Wayne House (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1998) 154-57.

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individual lives, enabling some people to choose right or withholding that enablement from others. He can do that because He controls all that happens.

The Impossible Dilemma of Open Theism

          Openness advocates cannot live with this tension between divine sovereignty and human responsibility. Their solution to relieve the tension is to have God surrender enough of His sovereignty and free mankind from His control in their lives. That is an unbiblical solution. Saucy has touched on the biblical solution when writing about Christ's offer of the kingdom at His first coming:

We suggest that the solution lies in the same realm as other problems related to the sovereign decree of God for history and the responsible actions of mankind. The idea that God could offer humankind a real choice and opportunity, knowing all the while that humankind would fail (and, in fact, having decreed a plan on the basis of that failure), is expressed in other passages of Scripture. in Eden, humankind was given a genuine opportunity to choose holiness, yet Scripture indicates that God's plan already included the sacrifice of Christ 'from the creation of the world' (Rev 13:8; cf. Ac 2:23; 4:28). Thus in this instance, a similar unanswerable question as that related to the offer of the kingdom might be posed: "What would have happened to the death of Christ if Adam and Eve had not sinned?"⁸³

⁸³Robert L. Saucy, The Case for Progressive Dispensationalism (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993) 92.